Generator News

Perhaps you've listened to an old record with a sound technician and heard that they are "out of phase." The audio engineer is talking about sound waves, not electricity, but they are similar. Let's begin with a short review of electricity.

AC/DC Electricity 101

DC power (or Direct Current) flows in one direction on a circuit, while AC power (Alternating Current) flows both ways in a circuit. Hence, the wiring is different for DC and AC circuits, as well as for 3-phase AC power (more on this below). Their respective wave forms look something like this:

(GRAPHIC ONE) 

Or, thinking in terms of magnetic flux, the alternating current is always in flux as the rotor moves through the magnetic field, oscillating between positive and negative voltage. This flux creates the AC wave form, and thus, AC power, which most residential appliances run on. However, at certain points there is zero potential voltage when the wave crosses the X axis, and this can be a disadvantage to using single phase AC power in commercial-grade settings.  

Larger appliances and commercial (or agricultural) settings have a higher load (greater demand or resistance), and therefore require more kW to function properly. But this also requires higher gauge wire, increased amps and volts, and places a higher demand on motors running on single phase AC power. 

Enter 3-Phase AC Power

In the late 19th century, Galileo Ferraris and Nikolai Tesla discovered a way to remedy this situation with what we call 3-phase electricity. Essentially, 3-phase electricity is the AC wave form staggered at 120 electrical degrees to provide a more robust current that mimics DC power. The wave form looks something like this:

 (GRAPHIC TWO) 

Advantages of 3-Phase Power

The main difference is that at no point in the wave form is the voltage potential zero (as in single phase). This results in at several advantages:

• Constant Power Potential. The voltage stays at a higher constant (like 208, 240 or 480 volts). Not only is this preferable, but it may be necessary in many circumstances when you're business or farm depends on consistent power. (For more on this, see "What is 3-Phase Electricity? (Part 2 of 2)")
• Cooler. Buildings and motors can run thinner (higher gauge) wire with 3-phase. This keeps the amps and the temperature lower.
• More efficient. Motors need less windings to produce the same amount (or more!) of power in watts. In business settings, efficiency equals money saved, which leads us to a fourth advantage.
• Money Saver. It's more economical to the consumer. How? Because 3-phase can run at a higher voltage with thinner gauge wire due to the lower amperage being used, this puts less demand on motors, therefore extending the life of your equipment.  In short, 3-phase electricity runs faster, cooler, and more efficiently, thus making it an advantage to the manufacturer, farmer, or commercial business. 

If you ever have the chance to run 3-phase electricity in your building, or if you're considering a 3-phase generator and you have the capability of 3-phase electricity, it is always worth it. Take a look at our wide selection of 3-phase generators, by selecting 3-phase in the Left-hand navigation filters on our website. Of course, if you have other questions, feel free to call us at 888-264-2189.

Over the last 18 years, the US Environmental Protections Agency has worked to implement a tiered system of emissions standards to address pollution issues in non-road diesel engines. Every year, the standards have become more stringent on manufacturers to utilize technological advancements in order to lower the total emission levels, and in 2015, these standards reached their highest limitations with the introduction of ‘Tier 4 Final’ compliance. Generators complying with 4F standards require exhaust emissions to decrease by more than 90%.

The EPA has been implementing these standards every year since 1994, so it’s important to back up a minute and understand what’s happened since then. These changes can be most easily understood by separating them into two categories: Tier 1-3 Standards and Tier 4 Standards. 

Tier 1-3

In 1996, the EPA, California Air Resource Board, and a number of engine manufacturers signed a Statement of Principles regarding non-road diesel engines. Between 1994 and 2008, standards for Tiers 1-3 were phased-in to reduce pollution from the emissions of off-road diesel engines.

The following elements were increasingly regulated in these tiers based on horsepower:

• Nitrogen oxide (NOx)
• Particulate matter (PM)
• Smoke standards
• Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Averaging, banking, and trading of emissions; maximum ‘family emission limits’ (FEL) for emission averaging

Tier 1 phased in between 1996 and 2000, Tier 2 between 2001 and 2006, and Tier 3, which only applied to engines with 37-560kW,  between 2006 and 2008.

Sulfur content was not regulated by the agency for Tiers 1-3.

Tier 4

Tier 4 Compliance is what will most affect manufacturers and owners now and into the future. Since 2008, the EPA has more stringently regulated:

• NOx (engines above 56kW)
• PM (above 19kW)
• HC

The EPA also requires the use of Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel, which reduces the amount of sulfur emissions emitted by these generators by 99 percent to a level of less than 15 parts per million in concentration. 

Unchanged from Tier 1 and 2 are CO2 limits, the same averaging, banking, and trading of emission credit, as well as FEL limits for emission averaging. From Tier 2 and 3, smoke opacity standards are the same, except engines with a PM emission level of < .07g/kWh are exempt. Tier 4 compliance did not require closed crankcase ventilation, though if open, crankcase emissions are measured and added to the exhaust emissions total.

So what happens in 2015?

You may notice that some equipment is Tier 4i Compliant while others are Tier 4F Compliant. Tier “4i”, or interim, regards the emission standards set forth in 2011 for high-horsepower diesel generator engines. As discussed below, Tier 4i introduced even lower NOx emissions, in addition to expanding operational use to include non-emergency use with Tier 4i certification.

Tier “4F”, or final, are those standards effective for all large stationary generator sets as of 2015. With another reduction in PM levels, F4 is the highest level of clean air regulations.

Allowable Emissions

Emergency vs. Non-Emergency Use

“Stationary emergency applications,” as defined by the EPA, are those when the generator set runs only during periods of outage of the normal utility power supply. The EPA doesn’t limit the number of hours a generator may operate during emergency use, though keep in mind that Tier 2 emission standards are in place during emergency usage.

For non-emergency use, the EPA limits operation to 100 hours per year, which includes maintenance, testing, and exercise usage. Prime power, rate curtailment, and storm avoidance are all considered non-emergency use.

What if my generator is already Tier 4i certified?

The 2015 4F classification applies only to new generator sets installed after the standard’s effective date. 4i certifications have been in effect since 2011, so all units installed since 2011 are acceptable for continued usage without being re-certified.

Certified, compliant, or verified?

You may see all of these terms when looking for 4i or 4F compliance, so it’s important to understand what they mean.

Certified: Your complete system was tested by the EPA on the manufacturer’s site. No additional testing is required once installed.

Compliant: This means your system was tested internally by its manufacturer and complies with 4i or 4F standards, but must be tested again by the EPA once installed to verify compliance. This is also referred to as “verified.” Site verification is not a substitute for EPA certification.

The Outcome?

With the completion of Tier 4, annual emission reductions are estimated at 738,000 tons of NOx and 129,000 tons of PM. By 2030, an annual 12,000 premature deaths would be prevented.

Absolute Generators is proud to carry a selection of EPA Tier 4 Certified generators for our customers. Many of the machines we offer are EPA Tier 3 certified, CARB Compliant, and accordant with a number of other agencies. When you're searching for a new generator, you can find out what agencies have approved your generator by using the search tool bar on the left side of the page, scrolling all the way down to 'Agency Compliance', and selecting the agencies from the dropdown menu. 

If you’ve ever dreamed of living on your own private island or of roughing it at the edges of the last frontier, you know that one major obstacle stands between you and your aspirations: how to generate the power you need to keep the lights on, the heat cranked and all other household appliances running.

These days, generating household power doesn’t have to be a primitive process. As Today’s Homeowner explains, there are a number of options available for the off-the-power-grid homeowner. Here are just a few, as described by a person living in Montana:

Since the Montana house already had a wind turbine, solar panels, a generator and a battery bank and inverter, generating the power was less of a problem than wisely conserving and using it. Upon moving in, the homeowner decided to install compact fluorescent lightbulbs (CFLs) in all of the light sockets. He also programmed the thermostat to reduce the temperature during sleeping hours at night. And, he and his family made sure that all lights were extinguished every time they left a room. However, the third night in the house, the house was without power.

Apparently the wind had stopped sometime in the middle of the night, and the small amount of power being tapped quickly drained the batteries. So, the homeowner started up the gas generator to get power back. Lesson learned: The sun always sets and the wind periodically stops, making backup sources necessary.

One of those, naturally, is a backup generator. The Montana homeowner used a gas-engine generator to recharge the batteries on those days when other power-producing sources weren’t pumping out enough juice. By keeping a close eye on his power production, the homeowner reports that he could use a relatively small portable gas generator to provide the needed power.

Some lessons learned so far from living off the grid in Montana: A battery bank and backup generator are essential, and equipment costs can quickly add up which necessitates careful planning.

Stay tuned for the latest and greatest from Absolute Genrerators on our products, how-to's, DIY information, new product information, and other helpful tips.